ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Study on Vulnerability of Urban Neighborhoods to Earthquake (Case Study: Farahzad Neighborhood, Tehran)
Iran is considered as one of the most seismic countries in the world and its cities have been frequently damaged by this natural phenomenon. Tehran, as the first metropolis of the country, is no exception to this, and prone to damage also due to its compactness, and being located on three active faults (Mesha fault, North Tehran fault, Rey fault). If activated, Mesha fault, North Tehran fault and Rey fault will destroy 20%, 35% and 55% of the city, respectively. Farahzad neighborhood in northern Tehran is one of the most seismic parts of Tehran metropolis. Hence, the main objective of this study is to investigate the seismicity of the neighborhood in terms of the risk of earthquakes. For this purpose, descriptive analysis, GIS software and Euclidean distance analysis were used. The results of this study showed that 57 hectares of Farahzad (136 hectares) with a relative area of 41% are located in a zone with a high earthquake risk (less than 400 m to the fault line). The area with a high seismic risk (400 to 800 meters) covers an area of 39 hectares, 29 percent of the total neighborhood. Also, 20 hectares of total residential buildings (34 hectares), with a relative area of over 58 percent, are located in a zone with a high risk of earthquakes.
https://www.jcema.com/article_91970_88589a163da0395fc67cc55ebd5820b1.pdf
2017-07-01
1
7
10.15412/J.JCEMA.12010101
vulnerability
earthquake
Crisis
Farahzad
Soroush
Bazazan Lotfi
soroushlotfi@gmail.com
1
Department of Urbanization, Edalat University, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mahmoud
Rahimi
2
Department of Urbanization, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
1. Caymaz E, Akyon FV, Erenel F. An exploratory research on strategic planning in public institutions: Turkish prime ministry disaster and emergency management presidency case. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2013;99:189-95.2. Birkmann J, Cardona OD, Carreño ML, Barbat AH, Pelling M Schneiderbauer S, et al. Framing vulnerability, risk and societal responses: the MOVE framework. Natural hazards. 2013;67(2):193-211.3. Rezaei M, Hosseini S, Hakimi H. Strategical planning for crisis management in Yazd's historical tissue by using SWOT. 2012.4. Hosseini KA, Hosseini M, Jafari MK, Hosseinioon S. Recognition of vulnerable urban fabrics in earthquake zones: a case study of the Tehran metropolitan area. Journal of Seismology and earthquake Engineering. 2009;10(4):175.5. Nateghi-A F. Earthquake scenario for the mega-city of Tehran. Disaster Prevention and Management. 2001;10(2):95.6. Li H, Yi T, Gu M, Huo L. Evaluation of earthquake-induced structural damages by wavelet transform. Progress in Natural Science. 2009;19(4):461-70.7. Gashti HP, Shahrodi K. An Overview on Locating of Chain Stores Construction by using of Analytic Network Process in Geographic Information System Environment.8. Negaresh H. EARTHQUAKES, CITIES, AND FAULTS. 2005.
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9. Thywissen K. Core terminology of disaster reduction. Measuring vulnerability to natural hazards: Towards disaster resilient societies, United Nations University Press, Hong Kong. 2006.10. Atash F. The deterioration of urban environments in developing countries: Mitigating the air pollution crisis in Tehran, Iran. Cities. 2007;24(6):399-409.11. Pourmohammadi M, MOSAYEBZADEH A. the vulnerability of iranian cities against earthquake and the role of neighborhood participation in providing assistance for them. 2008.12. HOSSEINI SY, DAMNABI AA. the impact of strategic management on the quality of crisis management case study: railway transportation industry.13. MacEachren AM, Robinson AC, Jaiswal A, Pezanowski S, Savelyev A, Blanford J, et al., editors. Geo-twitter analytics: Applications in crisis management. 25th International Cartographic Conference; 2011.14. Hayles CS. An examination of decision making in post disaster housing reconstruction. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment. 2010;1(1):103-22.
2
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Providing a Decision-Making Method for Evaluation of Exclusive BRT lanes Implementation Using Benefit-Cost Analysis - Case Study: Tehran BRT line 4
Recently, the rapid growth of urbanization, in conjunction with a lack of proper transportation infrastructures, has raised traffic congestion in a great number of developing cities. The growing concern about traffic congestion persuades governments to promote public transit services which mostly need a substantial amount of money to implement. Budget limitations entice decision-makers to choose Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems as a less expensive solution. The implementation of BRT lines always comes with advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore decision-makers need a tool to evaluate the effects of converting a mixed-flow lane to a BRT lane. The main aim of this paper is to provide a decision- making criterion for the problem of lane conversion for BRT. To do so, Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) is applied, and finally, we assess Tehran BRT line 4, as a case study, in order to evaluate the impact of dedication of one lane to BRT on Chamran highway.
https://www.jcema.com/article_91971_b9e88e88dd299819160efdfcb04954d5.pdf
2017-07-01
8
15
10.15412/J.JCEMA.12010102
Traffic Congestion
bus rapid transit
BRT
Benefit
Cost analysis
BCA
benefit/cost ratio
Masood
Jafari Kang
jafarikang@civileng.iust.ac.ir
1
Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Masoud
Khodadadifard
2
Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Shahriar
Afandizadeh
3
Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
1. Ali MS, Adnan M, Noman SM, Baqueri SFA. Estimation of traffic congestion cost-a case study of a major arterial in Karachi. Procedia Engineering. 2014;77:37-44.
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2. Vermeiren K, Verachtert E, Kasaija P, Loopmans M, Poesen J, Van Rompaey A. Who could benefit from a bus rapid transit system in cities from developing countries? A case study from Kampala, Uganda. Journal of Transport Geography. 2015;47:13-22.3. Deng T, Nelson JD. Bus rapid transit implementation in Beijing: An evaluation of performance and impacts. Research in Transportation Economics. 2013;39(1):108-13.4. Kato H, Inagi A, Saito N, Htun PTT, editors. Feasibility analysis for the introduction of a bus rapid transit system in Yangon, Myanmar. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies The 9th International Conference of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 2011; 2011: Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies.5. Deng T, Ma M, Wang J. Evaluation of bus rapid transit implementation in China: current performance and progress. Journal of Urban Planning and Development. 2013;139(3):226-34.6. Lindau LA, dos Santos Senna LA, Strambi O, Martins WC. Alternative financing for bus rapid transit (BRT): the case of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Research in Transportation Economics. 2008;22(1):54-60.7. Li J-Q, Song M, Li M, Zhang W-B. Planning for bus rapid transit in single dedicated bus lane. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2009(2111):76-82.8. Filipe LN, Macário R. A first glimpse on policy packaging for implementation of BRT projects. Research in Transportation Economics. 2013;39(1):150-7.9. Mohammad-Beigi H, Nouri J, Liaghati H. Strategic Analysis of Bus Rapid Transit System in Improvement of Public Transportation: Case of Tehran, Iran. Modern Applied Science. 2015;9(9):169.10. Griswold JB, Madanat S, Horvath A. Tradeoffs between costs and greenhouse gas emissions in the design of urban transit systems. Environmental Research Letters. 2013;8(4):044046.11. Ang-Olson J, Mahendra A. Cost/benefit Analysis of Converting a Lane for Bus Rapid Transit: Phase II Evaluation and Methodology: Transportation Research Board; 2011.12. Savage K. Benefit/cost analysis of converting a lane for bus rapid transit. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. 2009.13. Bel G, Holst M. Evaluation of the Impact of Bus Rapid Transit on Air Pollution. Research Institute of Applied Economics (IREA) Working Paper. 2015;19(1):43.14. Blonn J, Carlson D, Mueller P, Scott I. Transport 2020 Bus Rapid Transit: A Cost Benefit Analysis. Prepared for Susan Devos, Chai, Madison Area Bus Advocates, Madison, Wisconsin. 2006.15. Hidalgo D, Pereira L, Estupiñán N, Jiménez PL. TransMilenio BRT system in Bogota, high performance and positive impact–Main results of an ex-post evaluation. Research in Transportation Economics. 2013;39(1):133-8.16. Wang Y, Wang Z, Li Z, Staley SR, Moore AT, Gao Y. Study of modal shifts to bus rapid transit in Chinese cities. Journal of Transportation Engineering. 2012;139(5):515-23.17. Satiennam T, Jaensirisak S, Satiennam W, Detdamrong S. Potential for modal shift by passenger car and motorcycle users towards Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in an Asian developing city. IATSS Research. 2016;39(2):121-9.18. Jun M-J. Redistributive effects of bus rapid transit (BRT) on development patterns and property values in Seoul, Korea. Transport Policy. 2012;19(1):85-92.19. Litman T. Evaluating public transit benefits and costs: Victoria Transport Policy Institute; 2015.20. ECONorthwest PBQ. Douglas, Inc., et al (2002) Estimating the benefits and costs of public transit projects: a guidebook for practitioners. Transportation Research Board, TCRP REPORT.78.21. Hsu LR. Cost estimating model for mode choice between light rail and bus rapid transit systems. Journal of Transportation Engineering. 2012;139(1):20-9.22. Cervero R, Kang CD. Bus rapid transit impacts on land uses and land values in Seoul, Korea. Transport Policy. 2011;18(1):102-16.23. Karamouz M, Hosseinpour A, Nazif S. Improvement of urban drainage system performance under climate change impact: Case study. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering. 2010;16(5):395-412.24. Broach JP. Travel Mode Choice Framework Incorporating Realistic Bike and Walk Routes: Portland State University; 2016.
2
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Slippage Resistance of the Runway of the International Airport of Imam Khomeini
A layer of rubber surface in an aircraft will be separated by takeoff and landing in flight surfaces and these layers stick to the surface of the runway and by repetition, the thickness of these layers increases and improves lubrication and reduces the effect of signs on flight surfaces. In this paper, we prepared a diagrammatic presentation of test in the friction between eastern and western parts of the flight. Average values of friction of each of the three sections of the runway, in down stroke and up stroke, were measured once before tire removal operation and the second time after the tire relaxation and the exploitation rate index and minimum quality of flight surfaces were determined and then compared with the values and standards of the Federal Aviation Organization ICAO and international aviation regulations. The results show that the average coefficients of friction before removal of the tires, to the eastern part and the western part are 0.31 and 0.63, respectively which are lower than standard rates in comparison with standard values. And along with removal of tires, according to the minimum number of daily landings in runway of Imam Khomeini airport friction test should be measured every 4 months. Also, after tire removal, friction test should be carried out again and average friction coefficients for eastern and western parts were measured to be 0.72 and 0.67, respectively which were obtained after comparison with standard values.
https://www.jcema.com/article_91972_a6406d07dd4d7e1c15375ea8a3f2c2f2.pdf
2017-07-01
16
21
10.15412/J.JCEMA.12010103
friction
Runway
Slip resistance
Shahin
Shabani
1
Dept. of Civil Engineering–Road & Transportation, North Tehran Center, Payame Noor Univ. (PNU), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Shahrokh
Zarei
zarei_shahrokh110@yahoo.com
2
Dept. of Civil Engineering–Road & Transportation, North Tehran Center, Payame Noor Univ. (PNU), Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Testing ASf, Materials. Annual Book of ASTM Standards: ASTM; 2003.2. Vaiana R, Praticò FG, Iuele T, Gallelli V, Minani V, editors. Effect of Asphalt Mix Properties on Surface Texture: an Experimental Study. Applied Mechanics and Materials; 2013: Trans Tech Publ.3. Hall J, Smith K, Titus-Glover L, Evans L, Wambold J, Yager T. Guide for Pavement Friction Contractor’s Final Report for National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 01-43. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. 2009.4. Mirzaeinejad H, Mirzaei M. A novel method for non-linear control of wheel slip in anti-lock braking systems. Control Engineering Practice. 2010;18(8):918-26.5. Dugoff H, Fancher P, Segel L. An analysis of tire traction properties and their influence on vehicle dynamic performance. SAE Technical Paper, 1970 0148-7191.6. Hosking R. Road aggregates and skidding1992.7. Kuttesch JS. Quantifying the relationship between skid resistance and wet weather accidents for Virginia data. 2004.8. Wang H, Flintsch GW, editors. Investigation of Short-and Long-Term Variations of Pavement Surface Characteristics at the Virginia Smart Road. Transportation Research Board 86th Annual Meeting; 2007.9. Larson RM, Hoerner TE, Smith KD, Wolters AS. Relationship between skid resistance numbers measured with ribbed and smooth tire and wet accident locations. 2008.10. Mayora JMP, Piña RJ. An assessment of the skid resistance effect on traffic safety under wet-pavement conditions. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2009;41(4):881-6.11. Khasawneh M, Liang RY. Temperature Effect on Frictional Properties of HMA at Different Polishing Stages. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering. 2012;6(1):39-53.12. Kemp R. Investigates the effect of surface shear on pavements near road intersection. 2011.13. Button JW, Perdomo D, Lytton RL. Influence of aggregate on rutting in asphalt concrete pavements. Transportation Research Record. 1990(1259).
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14. Watanabe T, Fukui S, editors. A method for controlling tactile sensation of surface roughness using ultrasonic vibration. Robotics and Automation, 1995 Proceedings, 1995 IEEE International Conference on; 1995: IEEE.15. Zhang H, Ong N, Lam Y. Mold surface roughness effects on cavity filling of polymer melt in micro injection molding. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2008;37(11):1105-12.16. Rezaei A. Development of a prediction model for skid resistance of asphalt pavements: Texas A & M University; 2012.
2
17. Safavizadeh SA. Fatigue and fracture characterization of GlasGrid® reinforced asphalt concrete pavement: North Carolina State University; 2015.
3
18. De Wit CC, Tsiotras P, editors. Dynamic tire friction models for vehicle traction control. Decision and Control, 1999 Proceedings of the 38th IEEE Conference on; 1999: IEEE.19. Canudas-de-Wit C, Tsiotras P, Velenis E, Basset M, Gissinger G. Dynamic friction models for road/tire longitudinal interaction. Vehicle System Dynamics. 2003;39(3):189-226.20. Kermani MS, Safarzadeh M. Petrographic assessment of re-textured road surface aggregates. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment. 2010;111:289-99.21. Henry JJ. Evaluation of pavement friction characteristics: Transportation Research Board; 2000.22. Kazda A, Caves RE. Airport design and operation: Emerald Group Publishing Limited; 2010.
4
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Modeling of Turbulent Flow Due to the Dam Break Against Trapezoidal Barrier
Dam is considered as a strategic structure whose collapse and destruction is a catastrophic event and could bring about significant life threatening and financial losses. Also its destruction may cause environmental damages due to uncontrollable exit of large amounts of water and sediment from the reservoir which results into propagation of devastating flood at downstream. Presence of barriers and buildings changes the flow patterns downstream of a dam. Regarding the importance of this issue, in this research modeling of this phenomenon was performed in the presence of a trapezoidal barrier using the finite volume method and OpenFOAM software. Modeling is in 2D form and, for validation of the results, use has been made of the numerical and experimental research conducted by other researchers. The results show that this model has a good performance in simulation of these problems and has been able to simulate the results with a good accuracy, compared to the experimental results. For simulation of other phenomena similar to the dam break, the present model could be developed.
https://www.jcema.com/article_91973_bcb9e4a670c00ff4638b84cf9ef29d17.pdf
2017-07-01
22
27
10.15412/J.JCEMA.12010104
Dam Break
Two
Phase Flow
Finite volume
OpenFoam software
Behrooz
Moradi Mofrad
behrouzmoradi63@gmail.com
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Yasuj Branch, Yasouj University, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamid Reza
Barnjani
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Bushehr Unit, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran .
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Safari
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Yasuj Branch, Yasouj University, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, Iran.
AUTHOR
1. Fraccarollo L, Toro EF. Experimental and numerical assessment of the shallow water model for two-dimensional dam-break type problems. Journal of hydraulic research. 1995;33(6):843-64.2. Soares-Frazão S, Zech Y. Experimental study of dam-break flow against an isolated obstacle. Journal of Hydraulic Research. 2007;45(sup1):27-36.
1
3. Lauber G, Hager WH. Experiments to dambreak wave: Horizontal channel. Journal of Hydraulic research. 1998;36(3):291-307.4. Ferrari A, Fraccarollo L, Dumbser M, Toro E, Armanini A. Three-dimensional flow evolution after a dam break. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2010;663:456-77.5. Ozmen-Cagatay H, Kocaman S. Dam-break flows during initial stage using SWE and RANS approaches. Journal of Hydraulic Research. 2010;48(5):603-11.6. Biscarini C, Di Francesco S, Manciola P. CFD modelling approach for dam break flow studies. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2010;14(4):705.7. Bellos V, Hrissanthou V. Numerical simulation of a dam-break flood wave. European Water. 2011;33:45-53.8. Soares-Frazão S. Experiments of dam-break wave over a triangular bottom sill. Journal of Hydraulic Research. 2007;45(sup1):19-26.9. Marsooli R, Zhang M, Wu W, editors. Vertical and horizontal two-dimensional numerical modeling of dam-break flow over fixed beds. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011: Bearing Knowledge for Sustainability; 2011.10. Ozmen-Cagatay H, Kocaman S. Dam-break flow in the presence of obstacle: experiment and CFD simulation. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics. 2011;5(4):541-52.11. Oertel M, Bung DB. Initial stage of two-dimensional dam-break waves: laboratory versus VOF. Journal of Hydraulic Research. 2012;50(1):89-97.
2
12. Ozmen-Cagatay H, Kocaman S. Investigation of dam-break flow over abruptly contracting channel with trapezoidal-shaped lateral obstacles. Journal of Fluids Engineering. 2012;134(8):081204.13. Holzinger G. CD-Laboratory-Particulate Flow Modelling Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria. 2014.14. Shih T-H, Liou WW, Shabbir A, Yang Z, Zhu J. A new k-ε eddy viscosity model for high reynolds number turbulent flows. Computers & Fluids. 1995;24(3):227-38.15. Bremhorst K. Modified form of the kw model for predicting wall turbulence. Journal of Fluid Engineering. 1981;103:456-60.16. Europe F. GAMBIT users’ manual. Version. 2001.17. Hirt CW, Nichols BD. Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries. Journal of computational physics. 1981;39(1):201-25.18. Chang S-C. Courant number insensitive CE/SE schemes. AIAA paper. 2002;3890:2002.19. Jasak H. OpenFOAM: open source CFD in research and industry. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. 2009;1(2):89-94.
3
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Numerical Simulation of Turbulence and Flow Velocity Distribution Around the Spur Dike Using FLUENT
Spur dikes are the intersecting or transverse structures, which are projected from the river bank toward the flow axis and cause diversion and direction of the flow from the banks towards central axis of the river. This structure affects the flow lines and causes change in the river flow pattern and protects the banks against erosion. Recognition of the flow pattern around a spur dike could help in a better understanding of the scour pattern and, as a result, achieving an accurate value of maximum scour depth. In this study, the k- turbulence models are investigated in determining the rotational flow and flow field around 𝜺 the spur-dike using FLUENT software. The results show that the software incorporating the k- model could appropriately 𝜺 model velocity distribution around the spur dike and the results exhibit a good compatibility with an average error of 9.24%.
https://www.jcema.com/article_92045_80f06133a9f968fd65278bf7200d1b4c.pdf
2017-07-01
28
32
10.15412/J.JCEMA.12010105
Spur Dike
Flow Pattern
Velocity Distribution
Turbulence model
Sayed Hamid Reza
Barnjani
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Bushehr Unit, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ahmad
Safari
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Yasuj Branch, Yasouj University, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, Iran
AUTHOR
Behrooz
Moradi Mofrad
behrouzmoradi63@gmail.com
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Yasuj Branch, Yasouj University, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, Iran.
AUTHOR
1. Osman AM, Thorne CR. Riverbank stability analysis. I: Theory. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 1988;114(2):134-50.
1
2. Lagasse PF. Riprap design criteria, recommended specifications, and quality control: Transportation Research Board; 2006.
2
3. Vaghefi M, Ghodsian M, Salehi Neyshaboori S. Experimental study on the effect of a T-shaped spur dike length on scour in a 90 channel bend. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2009;34(2):337. 4. Ishii C, Asada H, Kishi T, editors. Shape of separation region formed behind a groyne of non-overflow type in rivers. XX IAHR Congress, Moscow, USSR; 1983.
3
5. Kadota A, Suzuki K, Uijttewaal W, editors. The shallow flow around a single groyne under submerged and emerged conditions. River Flow; 2006.
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6. Fei-Yong C, Ikeda S. Horizontal separation flows in shallow open channels with spur dikes. Journal of Hydroscience and hydraulic Engineering. 1997;15(2):15-30.
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7. Ghodsian M, Vaghefi M. Experimental study on scour and flow field in a scour hole around a T-shape spur dike in a 90 bend. International Journal of Sediment Research. 2009;24(2):145-58.
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8. Safarzadeh A, Salehi Neyshabouri SAA, Zarrati AR. Experimental investigation on 3D turbulent Flow around straight and T-Shaped groynes in a flat bed channel. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2016;142(8):04016021.
7
9. Molinas A, Kheireldin K, Wu B. Shear stress around vertical wall abutments. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 1998;124(8):822-30.
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10. Kuhnle RA, Jia Y, Alonso CV. Measured and simulated flow near a submerged spur dike. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2008;134(7):916-24.
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11. Kuhnle RA, Alonso CV, Shields Jr FD. Local scour associated with angled spur dikes. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2002;128(12):1087-93.
10
12. Vaghefi M, Safarpoor Y, Hashemi SS. Effects of relative curvature on the scour pattern in a 90° bend with a T-shaped spur dike using a numerical method. International Journal of River Basin Management. 2015;13(4):501-14.
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13. Yazdi J, Sarkardeh H, Azamathulla HM, Ghani AA. 3D simulation of flow around a single spur dike with free-surface flow. Intl J River Basin Management. 2010;8(1):55-62.
12
14. Salaheldin TM, Imran J, Chaudhry MH. Numerical modeling of threedimensional flow field around circular piers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2004;130(2):91-100.
13
15. Vaghefi M, Shakerdargah M, Fiouz A, Akbari M. Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Froude Number on Flow Pattern around a Single T-shaped Spur Dike in a Bend Channel. International Journal of Engineering Research. 2014;3(5):351-5.
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16. Hirt CW, Nichols BD. Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries. Journal of computational physics. 1981;39(1):201-25.
15
17. Karami H, Basser H, Ardeshir A, Hosseini SH. Verification of numerical study of scour around spur dikes usi
16